use std::borrow::{Borrow, Cow};
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

use chrono::{
    DateTime, Datelike, FixedOffset, NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime, TimeDelta, Timelike,
};
use chrono_tz::Tz;
use hashbrown::HashMap;
use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
#[cfg(feature = "object")]
use polars::chunked_array::object::PolarsObjectSafe;
#[cfg(feature = "object")]
use polars::datatypes::OwnedObject;
use polars::datatypes::{DataType, Field, TimeUnit};
use polars::prelude::{AnyValue, PlSmallStr, Series, TimeZone};
use polars_compute::decimal::{DEC128_MAX_PREC, DecimalFmtBuffer, dec128_fits};
use polars_core::utils::any_values_to_supertype_and_n_dtypes;
use polars_core::utils::arrow::temporal_conversions::date32_to_date;
use polars_utils::aliases::PlFixedStateQuality;
use pyo3::exceptions::{PyOverflowError, PyTypeError, PyValueError};
use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::sync::PyOnceLock;
use pyo3::types::{
    PyBool, PyBytes, PyDate, PyDateTime, PyDelta, PyDict, PyFloat, PyInt, PyList, PyMapping,
    PyRange, PySequence, PyString, PyTime, PyTuple, PyType, PyTzInfo,
};
use pyo3::{IntoPyObjectExt, PyTypeCheck, intern};

use super::datetime::{
    datetime_to_py_object, elapsed_offset_to_timedelta, nanos_since_midnight_to_naivetime,
};
use super::{ObjectValue, Wrap, struct_dict};
use crate::error::PyPolarsErr;
use crate::py_modules::{pl_series, pl_utils};
use crate::series::PySeries;

impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for Wrap<AnyValue<'_>> {
    type Target = PyAny;
    type Output = Bound<'py, Self::Target>;
    type Error = PyErr;

    fn into_pyobject(self, py: Python<'py>) -> Result<Self::Output, Self::Error> {
        any_value_into_py_object(self.0, py)
    }
}

impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for &Wrap<AnyValue<'_>> {
    type Target = PyAny;
    type Output = Bound<'py, Self::Target>;
    type Error = PyErr;

    fn into_pyobject(self, py: Python<'py>) -> Result<Self::Output, Self::Error> {
        self.clone().into_pyobject(py)
    }
}

impl<'py> FromPyObject<'py> for Wrap<AnyValue<'static>> {
    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
        py_object_to_any_value(ob, true, true).map(Wrap)
    }
}

pub(crate) fn any_value_into_py_object<'py>(
    av: AnyValue<'_>,
    py: Python<'py>,
) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyAny>> {
    let utils = pl_utils(py).bind(py);
    match av {
        AnyValue::UInt8(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::UInt16(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::UInt32(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::UInt64(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::UInt128(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Int8(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Int16(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Int32(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Int64(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Int128(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Float16(v) => v.to_f32().into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Float32(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Float64(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Null => py.None().into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Boolean(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::String(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::StringOwned(v) => v.into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Categorical(cat, map) | AnyValue::Enum(cat, map) => unsafe {
            map.cat_to_str_unchecked(cat).into_bound_py_any(py)
        },
        AnyValue::CategoricalOwned(cat, map) | AnyValue::EnumOwned(cat, map) => unsafe {
            map.cat_to_str_unchecked(cat).into_bound_py_any(py)
        },
        AnyValue::Date(v) => {
            let date = date32_to_date(v);
            date.into_bound_py_any(py)
        },
        AnyValue::Datetime(v, time_unit, time_zone) => {
            datetime_to_py_object(py, v, time_unit, time_zone)
        },
        AnyValue::DatetimeOwned(v, time_unit, time_zone) => {
            datetime_to_py_object(py, v, time_unit, time_zone.as_ref().map(AsRef::as_ref))
        },
        AnyValue::Duration(v, time_unit) => {
            let time_delta = elapsed_offset_to_timedelta(v, time_unit);
            time_delta.into_bound_py_any(py)
        },
        AnyValue::Time(v) => nanos_since_midnight_to_naivetime(v).into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Array(v, _) | AnyValue::List(v) => PySeries::new(v).to_list(py),
        ref av @ AnyValue::Struct(_, _, flds) => {
            Ok(struct_dict(py, av._iter_struct_av(), flds)?.into_any())
        },
        AnyValue::StructOwned(payload) => {
            Ok(struct_dict(py, payload.0.into_iter(), &payload.1)?.into_any())
        },
        #[cfg(feature = "object")]
        AnyValue::Object(v) => {
            let object = v.as_any().downcast_ref::<ObjectValue>().unwrap();
            Ok(object.inner.clone_ref(py).into_bound(py))
        },
        #[cfg(feature = "object")]
        AnyValue::ObjectOwned(v) => {
            let object = v.0.as_any().downcast_ref::<ObjectValue>().unwrap();
            Ok(object.inner.clone_ref(py).into_bound(py))
        },
        AnyValue::Binary(v) => PyBytes::new(py, v).into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::BinaryOwned(v) => PyBytes::new(py, &v).into_bound_py_any(py),
        AnyValue::Decimal(v, prec, scale) => {
            let convert = utils.getattr(intern!(py, "to_py_decimal"))?;
            let mut buf = DecimalFmtBuffer::new();
            let s = buf.format_dec128(v, scale, false, false);
            convert.call1((prec, s))
        },
    }
}

/// Holds a Python type object and implements hashing / equality based on the pointer address of the
/// type object. This is used as a hashtable key instead of only the `usize` pointer value, as we
/// need to hold a ref to the Python type object to keep it alive.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct TypeObjectKey {
    #[allow(unused)]
    type_object: Py<PyType>,
    /// We need to store this in a field for `Borrow<usize>`
    address: usize,
}

impl TypeObjectKey {
    fn new(type_object: Py<PyType>) -> Self {
        let address = type_object.as_ptr() as usize;
        Self {
            type_object,
            address,
        }
    }
}

impl PartialEq for TypeObjectKey {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.address == other.address
    }
}

impl Eq for TypeObjectKey {}

impl std::borrow::Borrow<usize> for TypeObjectKey {
    fn borrow(&self) -> &usize {
        &self.address
    }
}

impl std::hash::Hash for TypeObjectKey {
    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        let v: &usize = self.borrow();
        v.hash(state)
    }
}

type InitFn = fn(&Bound<'_, PyAny>, bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>>;
pub(crate) static LUT: Mutex<HashMap<TypeObjectKey, InitFn, PlFixedStateQuality>> =
    Mutex::new(HashMap::with_hasher(PlFixedStateQuality::with_seed(0)));

/// Convert a Python object to an [`AnyValue`].
pub(crate) fn py_object_to_any_value(
    ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>,
    strict: bool,
    allow_object: bool,
) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
    // Conversion functions.
    fn get_null(_ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        Ok(AnyValue::Null)
    }

    fn get_bool(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        let b = ob.extract::<bool>()?;
        Ok(AnyValue::Boolean(b))
    }

    fn get_int(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<i64>() {
            Ok(AnyValue::Int64(v))
        } else if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<i128>() {
            Ok(AnyValue::Int128(v))
        } else if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<u64>() {
            Ok(AnyValue::UInt64(v))
        } else if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<u128>() {
            Ok(AnyValue::UInt128(v))
        } else if !strict {
            let f = ob.extract::<f64>()?;
            Ok(AnyValue::Float64(f))
        } else {
            Err(PyOverflowError::new_err(format!(
                "int value too large for Polars integer types: {ob}"
            )))
        }
    }

    fn get_float(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        Ok(AnyValue::Float64(ob.extract::<f64>()?))
    }

    fn get_str(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        // Ideally we'd be returning an AnyValue::String(&str) instead, as was
        // the case in previous versions of this function. However, if compiling
        // with abi3 for versions older than Python 3.10, the APIs that purport
        // to return &str actually just encode to UTF-8 as a newly allocated
        // PyBytes object, and then return reference to that. So what we're
        // doing here isn't any different fundamentally, and the APIs to for
        // converting to &str are deprecated in PyO3 0.21.
        //
        // Once Python 3.10 is the minimum supported version, converting to &str
        // will be cheaper, and we should do that. Python 3.9 security updates
        // end-of-life is Oct 31, 2025.
        Ok(AnyValue::StringOwned(ob.extract::<String>()?.into()))
    }

    fn get_bytes(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        let value = ob.extract::<Vec<u8>>()?;
        Ok(AnyValue::BinaryOwned(value))
    }

    fn get_date(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        const UNIX_EPOCH: NaiveDate = DateTime::UNIX_EPOCH.naive_utc().date();
        let date = ob.extract::<NaiveDate>()?;
        let elapsed = date.signed_duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH);
        Ok(AnyValue::Date(elapsed.num_days() as i32))
    }

    fn get_datetime(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        let py = ob.py();
        let tzinfo = ob.getattr(intern!(py, "tzinfo"))?;

        if tzinfo.is_none() {
            let datetime = ob.extract::<NaiveDateTime>()?;
            let delta = datetime - DateTime::UNIX_EPOCH.naive_utc();
            let timestamp = delta.num_microseconds().unwrap();
            return Ok(AnyValue::Datetime(timestamp, TimeUnit::Microseconds, None));
        }

        // Try converting `pytz` timezone to `zoneinfo` timezone
        let (ob, tzinfo) = if let Some(tz) = tzinfo
            .getattr(intern!(py, "zone"))
            .ok()
            .and_then(|tz| (!tz.is_none()).then_some(tz))
        {
            let tzinfo = PyTzInfo::timezone(py, tz.downcast_into::<PyString>()?)?;
            (
                &ob.call_method(intern!(py, "astimezone"), (&tzinfo,), None)?,
                tzinfo,
            )
        } else {
            (ob, tzinfo.downcast_into()?)
        };

        let (timestamp, tz) = if tzinfo.hasattr(intern!(py, "key"))? {
            let datetime = ob.extract::<DateTime<Tz>>()?;
            let tz = unsafe { TimeZone::from_static(datetime.timezone().name()) };
            if datetime.year() >= 2100 {
                // chrono-tz does not support dates after 2100
                // https://github.com/chronotope/chrono-tz/issues/135
                (
                    pl_utils(py)
                        .bind(py)
                        .getattr(intern!(py, "datetime_to_int"))?
                        .call1((ob, intern!(py, "us")))?
                        .extract::<i64>()?,
                    tz,
                )
            } else {
                let delta = datetime.to_utc() - DateTime::UNIX_EPOCH;
                (delta.num_microseconds().unwrap(), tz)
            }
        } else {
            let datetime = ob.extract::<DateTime<FixedOffset>>()?;
            let delta = datetime.to_utc() - DateTime::UNIX_EPOCH;
            (delta.num_microseconds().unwrap(), TimeZone::UTC)
        };

        Ok(AnyValue::DatetimeOwned(
            timestamp,
            TimeUnit::Microseconds,
            Some(Arc::new(tz)),
        ))
    }

    fn get_timedelta(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        let timedelta = ob.extract::<TimeDelta>()?;
        if let Some(micros) = timedelta.num_microseconds() {
            Ok(AnyValue::Duration(micros, TimeUnit::Microseconds))
        } else {
            Ok(AnyValue::Duration(
                timedelta.num_milliseconds(),
                TimeUnit::Milliseconds,
            ))
        }
    }

    fn get_time(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        let time = ob.extract::<NaiveTime>()?;

        Ok(AnyValue::Time(
            (time.num_seconds_from_midnight() as i64) * 1_000_000_000 + time.nanosecond() as i64,
        ))
    }

    fn get_decimal(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        fn abs_decimal_from_digits(
            digits: impl IntoIterator<Item = u8>,
            exp: i32,
        ) -> Option<(i128, usize)> {
            let mut v = 0_i128;
            for d in digits {
                v = v.checked_mul(10)?.checked_add(d as i128)?;
            }
            let scale = if exp > 0 {
                v = 10_i128.checked_pow(exp as u32)?.checked_mul(v)?;
                0
            } else {
                (-exp) as usize
            };
            dec128_fits(v, DEC128_MAX_PREC).then_some((v, scale))
        }

        // Note: Using Vec<u8> is not the most efficient thing here (input is a tuple)
        let (sign, digits, exp): (i8, Vec<u8>, i32) = ob
            .call_method0(intern!(ob.py(), "as_tuple"))
            .unwrap()
            .extract()
            .unwrap();
        let (mut v, scale) = abs_decimal_from_digits(digits, exp).ok_or_else(|| {
            PyErr::from(PyPolarsErr::Other(
                "Decimal is too large to fit in Decimal128".into(),
            ))
        })?;
        if sign > 0 {
            v = -v; // Won't overflow since -i128::MAX > i128::MIN
        }
        Ok(AnyValue::Decimal(v, DEC128_MAX_PREC, scale))
    }

    fn get_list(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        fn get_list_with_constructor(
            ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>,
            strict: bool,
        ) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
            // Use the dedicated constructor.
            // This constructor is able to go via dedicated type constructors
            // so it can be much faster.
            let py = ob.py();
            let kwargs = PyDict::new(py);
            kwargs.set_item("strict", strict)?;
            let s = pl_series(py).call(py, (ob,), Some(&kwargs))?;
            get_list_from_series(s.bind(py), strict)
        }

        if ob.is_empty()? {
            Ok(AnyValue::List(Series::new_empty(
                PlSmallStr::EMPTY,
                &DataType::Null,
            )))
        } else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyList>() | ob.is_instance_of::<PyTuple>() {
            let list = ob.downcast::<PySequence>()?;

            // Try to find first non-null.
            let length = list.len()?;
            let mut iter = list.try_iter()?;
            let mut avs = Vec::new();
            for item in &mut iter {
                let av = py_object_to_any_value(&item?, strict, true)?;
                let is_null = av.is_null();
                avs.push(av);
                if is_null {
                    break;
                }
            }

            // Try to use a faster converter.
            if let Some(av) = avs.last()
                && !av.is_null()
                && av.dtype().is_primitive()
            {
                // Always use strict, we will filter the error if we're not
                // strict and try again using a slower converter with supertype.
                match get_list_with_constructor(ob, true) {
                    Ok(ret) => return Ok(ret),
                    Err(e) => {
                        if strict {
                            return Err(e);
                        }
                    },
                }
            }

            // Push the rest of the anyvalues and use slower converter.
            avs.reserve(length);
            for item in &mut iter {
                avs.push(py_object_to_any_value(&item?, strict, true)?);
            }

            let (dtype, _n_dtypes) = any_values_to_supertype_and_n_dtypes(&avs)
                .map_err(|e| PyTypeError::new_err(e.to_string()))?;
            let s = Series::from_any_values_and_dtype(PlSmallStr::EMPTY, &avs, &dtype, strict)
                .map_err(|e| {
                    PyTypeError::new_err(format!(
                        "{e}\n\nHint: Try setting `strict=False` to allow passing data with mixed types."
                    ))
                })?;
            Ok(AnyValue::List(s))
        } else {
            // range will take this branch
            get_list_with_constructor(ob, strict)
        }
    }

    fn get_list_from_series(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        let s = super::get_series(ob)?;
        Ok(AnyValue::List(s))
    }

    fn get_mapping(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        let mapping = ob.downcast::<PyMapping>()?;
        let len = mapping.len()?;
        let mut keys = Vec::with_capacity(len);
        let mut vals = Vec::with_capacity(len);

        for item in mapping.items()?.try_iter()? {
            let item = item?.downcast_into::<PyTuple>()?;
            let (key_py, val_py) = (item.get_item(0)?, item.get_item(1)?);

            let key: Cow<str> = key_py.extract()?;
            let val = py_object_to_any_value(&val_py, strict, true)?;

            keys.push(Field::new(key.as_ref().into(), val.dtype()));
            vals.push(val);
        }
        Ok(AnyValue::StructOwned(Box::new((vals, keys))))
    }

    fn get_struct(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        let dict = ob.downcast::<PyDict>().unwrap();
        let len = dict.len();
        let mut keys = Vec::with_capacity(len);
        let mut vals = Vec::with_capacity(len);
        for (k, v) in dict.into_iter() {
            let key = k.extract::<Cow<str>>()?;
            let val = py_object_to_any_value(&v, strict, true)?;
            let dtype = val.dtype();
            keys.push(Field::new(key.as_ref().into(), dtype));
            vals.push(val)
        }
        Ok(AnyValue::StructOwned(Box::new((vals, keys))))
    }

    fn get_namedtuple(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        let tuple = ob.downcast::<PyTuple>().unwrap();
        let len = tuple.len();
        let fields = ob
            .getattr(intern!(ob.py(), "_fields"))?
            .downcast_into::<PyTuple>()?;
        let mut keys = Vec::with_capacity(len);
        let mut vals = Vec::with_capacity(len);
        for (k, v) in fields.into_iter().zip(tuple.into_iter()) {
            let key = k.extract::<Cow<str>>()?;
            let val = py_object_to_any_value(&v, strict, true)?;
            let dtype = val.dtype();
            keys.push(Field::new(key.as_ref().into(), dtype));
            vals.push(val)
        }
        Ok(AnyValue::StructOwned(Box::new((vals, keys))))
    }

    fn get_object(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, _strict: bool) -> PyResult<AnyValue<'static>> {
        #[cfg(feature = "object")]
        {
            // This is slow, but hey don't use objects.
            let v = &ObjectValue {
                inner: ob.clone().unbind(),
            };
            Ok(AnyValue::ObjectOwned(OwnedObject(v.to_boxed())))
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "object"))]
        panic!("activate object")
    }

    /// Determine which conversion function to use for the given object.
    ///
    /// Note: This function is only ran if the object's type is not already in the
    /// lookup table.
    fn get_conversion_function(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>, allow_object: bool) -> PyResult<InitFn> {
        let py = ob.py();
        if ob.is_none() {
            Ok(get_null)
        }
        // bool must be checked before int because Python bool is an instance of int.
        else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyBool>() {
            Ok(get_bool)
        } else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyInt>() {
            Ok(get_int)
        } else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyFloat>() {
            Ok(get_float)
        } else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyString>() {
            Ok(get_str)
        } else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyBytes>() {
            Ok(get_bytes)
        } else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyTuple>() {
            // NamedTuple-like object?
            if ob.hasattr(intern!(py, "_fields"))? {
                Ok(get_namedtuple)
            } else {
                Ok(get_list)
            }
        } else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyList>() {
            Ok(get_list)
        } else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyDict>() {
            Ok(get_struct)
        } else if PyMapping::type_check(ob) {
            Ok(get_mapping)
        }
        // note: datetime must be checked *before* date
        // (as python datetime is an instance of date)
        else if PyDateTime::type_check(ob) {
            Ok(get_datetime as InitFn)
        } else if PyDate::type_check(ob) {
            Ok(get_date as InitFn)
        } else if PyTime::type_check(ob) {
            Ok(get_time as InitFn)
        } else if PyDelta::type_check(ob) {
            Ok(get_timedelta as InitFn)
        } else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyRange>() {
            Ok(get_list as InitFn)
        } else if ob.is_instance(pl_series(py).bind(py))? {
            Ok(get_list_from_series as InitFn)
        } else {
            static NDARRAY_TYPE: PyOnceLock<Py<PyType>> = PyOnceLock::new();
            if let Ok(ndarray_type) = NDARRAY_TYPE.import(py, "numpy", "ndarray") {
                if ob.is_instance(ndarray_type)? {
                    // will convert via Series -> mmap_numpy_array
                    return Ok(get_list as InitFn);
                }
            }
            static DECIMAL_TYPE: PyOnceLock<Py<PyType>> = PyOnceLock::new();
            if ob.is_instance(DECIMAL_TYPE.import(py, "decimal", "Decimal")?)? {
                return Ok(get_decimal as InitFn);
            }

            // support NumPy scalars
            if ob.extract::<i64>().is_ok() || ob.extract::<u64>().is_ok() {
                return Ok(get_int as InitFn);
            } else if ob.extract::<f64>().is_ok() {
                return Ok(get_float as InitFn);
            }

            if allow_object {
                Ok(get_object as InitFn)
            } else {
                Err(PyValueError::new_err(format!("Cannot convert {ob}")))
            }
        }
    }

    let py_type = ob.get_type();
    let py_type_address = py_type.as_ptr() as usize;

    let conversion_func = {
        if let Some(cached_func) = LUT.lock().unwrap().get(&py_type_address) {
            *cached_func
        } else {
            let k = TypeObjectKey::new(py_type.clone().unbind());
            assert_eq!(k.address, py_type_address);

            let func = get_conversion_function(ob, allow_object)?;
            LUT.lock().unwrap().insert(k, func);
            func
        }
    };

    conversion_func(ob, strict)
}
